Civil War Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civil War - Research Paper Example Belgian rule created more of an ethnic divide between the Tutsi and Hutu. Tutsis, who were visually fair in complexion and usually taller, were considered superior to the Hutus and had their roots in the region for centuries. The Belgian government being aware of that fact supported Tutsi political power. Each individual was issued a racial identification card which stated one as legally Hutu or Tutsi. By 1931, an ethnic identity was officially mandated and each Rwandan possessed an ethnic identity card at that time (Globalsecurity.org, 2011). Tutsis due to their superior racial status started exploiting their power over Hutu majority. There was discrimination all over the region. Any person owning 10 or more cattle was considered as a member of the Tutsi class. The Hutus were treated as the third class citizens and were not given any opportunity to excel in the society. Even the education system was entirely different for both groups. This created a sense of social injustice and hat red among the Hutus for Tutsi behavior and started rebelling against them. In 1960, the Belgian diplomats surprised everyone by reversing their favoritism and encouraged Hutu uprising in the name of democracy. In the same year, Belgium government decided to hold democratic elections in Rwanda-Burundi region. The Hutu majority elected Hutu representatives ending Tutsi monarchy. By 1962, Rwanda had become a Hutu dominated state and most of the Tutsis were exiled, if not killed, to the neighboring countries for their undesirable behavior with the Hutus (Phillip, 2000). By 1990, Hutus had gained full control and were administering the country. But there still was political unrest due to slumping economy and food shortages. The main reason however was something else. The Tutsis who were exiled more than 30 years ago were now grouping together in an attempt to overthrow Hutu led government in Rwanda and also to attain the right to live there. As a result, Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) was formed with the help of Ugandan army consisting mostly of Tutsi refugees or their descendants who were exiled earlier. The RPF, under the command of Major General Fred Rwigema began to pressurize Rwandan government and demanded Habyarimana, the Rwandan president, to make concessions and allow Tutsis to freely live there and be a part of the democratic system in the country. Habyarimana, after not being able to satisfy RPF’s demands and also RPF’s unwillingness to wait any longer and trust any longer the Rwandan government to fulfill its promises led RPF to wage civil war in the country (Globalsecurity.org, 2011). On 1st October, 1990, around 50 RPF rebels crossed the Ugandan border into Rwanda killing a guard at the Kagitumba border post. Hundreds more followed them with artillery and support provided to them by the Ugandan National Army. In few days after the first attack, the RPF army had advanced 60km to the south in the town of Gabiro creating violence and chaos in the region. This forced the government to launch a counterattack on RPF. The Rwandan Armed Forces (RAF) had a greater army and more advanced weaponry provided to them by the French as compared to rebels. However, RPF forces continued to invade Rwanda and more and more troops were deployed. As the civil war continued in the north, opposition to the government increased in Kigali. President Habyarimana was placed under immense pressure to take democratization measures and

Quran Essay Essay Example for Free

Quran Essay Essay Among the innumerable facts, this writing will contribute two facts only: First, the Quran contains many scientific facts that are only being found out recently. The Quran’s linguistic style is far superior then any other form of writing. Without a doubt men have negated and contested the truth and revelation from God including the Quran revealed to prophet Mohamed (sallahu alahi wa salaam). For that reason, men in their objection and adamant behavior suggested that the Quran is word of Mohamed or the Quran is created by Mohamed; such statement is away from the truth. Undoubtedly there are other verses in the Quran related to human development that will be understood in the future as our knowledge increases. † In the Quran, Allah (subhanahu wa tala) also speaks about the Cerebrum: ( ) ( ) (Nay! If he (Abu Jahl) ceases not, We will catch him by the forelock (the front part of the brain also known as the prefrontal lobe) (15) A lying, sinful forelock! (96:15-16) Why does Allah describe the front part of the brain to be lying and sinful? In recent research scientists have found out that the prefrontal lobe actually controls a person’s decision making, cognitive behavior, personality expression, and moderating social behavior (Yang, Y Prefrontal structure†¦). This part of the brain also deals with the creation of thoughts and actions (Miller, Earl the prefrontal cortex†¦). This shows that the prefrontal lobe is the part of the brain that may engage in sinful behavior and entices someone to lie or not. This also shows that the Quran does confirm scientific facts and there is no way an unlettered nomadic Arab man[5] in the 7th century could have known these facts. The pagan Arabs of the 7th century were for the most part isolated from the two great empires[6] at that time. The two empires did not waste their time in conquering the vast Arabian deserts because of its plain and unattractive look. The Arabs had nothing, they didn’t have any monuments, and they didn’t have masterful pieces of art. Therefore the Arabs of Mecca[7] were not much of a concern to the two empires; as well the two empires were not willing to send their forces through the dangerous deserts. Thanks to this isolation, the Arabs were able to refine their language. After a few centuries, the Arabs had shaped their language into an eloquent language where everyman was known to be a poet. The Arabs prided themselves on their language. So much so, they would have tribal battles not with swords but rather their tongues and the losing tribe would be shamed. The pagan Arabs marveled at the amazing speech of the Quran. When a person speaks he is able to organize his thoughts, but a person is incapable of organizing their words based on what they are going to say later . For example, there are two ayahs that are very much the same one ayah states: â€Å"Say (O Muhammad): Allah is enough as a witness between me and you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The other ayah states: â€Å"Say (O Muhammad): Allah is enough between me and you as a witness † The difference is sequence, in the first ayah Allah says â€Å"witness† first, and â€Å"me and you’ later. The Quran is very sensitive to context, at the end of the first ayah Allah says â€Å"†¦he is the ever all knower, all seer of his slaves†. The ayah ends speaking about Allah, the word â€Å"witness† for Allah is used first so therefore the ayah begins with Allah and ends with Allah. While the second ayah ends with speaking about people it uses â€Å"between me and you† first then â€Å"witness† second. So the ayah begins with speaking about people and ends with speaking with people. So what is about to be said in the future has a direct influence on how words are organized before. Humans are unable to do that. Prophet Muhammad (sallahu alahi wa salaam) was never known to be a composer of any types of poetry or any other forms of literature. So when they heard this literature they were amazed. â€Å"Umar bin Al-Khattab was a great enemy of the prophet. He planned to kill the prophet, but on his way he was informed that his sister had joined the religion. He immediately changed course. Upon arrival he hit his sister. He regretted what he did so asked for the paper she was reading (containing ayahs of the Quran). Once he read it he immediately went to prophet (sallahu alahi wa salaam) and accepted Islam†. Umar bin Al-Khattab was a man that was amazed by the Quran’s linguistic style and its strong meaning. This is one of the many men who accepted Islam because of the Quran’s amazing speech. The famous Arab grammarian H. Gibb had this to say about the Quran: â€Å"As a literary monument the Koran (referring to the Quran) thus stands by itself, a production unique to the Arabic literature, having neither forerunners nor successors in its own idiom. Muslims of all ages are united in proclaiming the inimitability not only of its contents but also of its style†¦ and in forcing the High Arabic idiom into the expression of new ranges of thought the Koran develops a bold and strikingly effective rhetorical prose in which all the resources of syntactical modulation are exploited with great freedom and originality. John Penrice stated: â€Å"That a competent knowledge of the Koran is indispensable as an introduction to the study of Arabic literature will be admitted by all who have advanced beyond the rudiments of the language. From the purity of its style and elegance of its diction it has come to be considered as the standard of Arabic † These two men have an understanding of the linguistic exc ellence of the Quran. Allah says: Do they not then consider the Quran carefully? Had it been from other than Allah, they would surely have found therein many contradictions. (Quran 04:82). The Quran contains many palindromes; palindromes in many languages can only be done with one word. For example, in the English language the word Race Car can be written the same backward. In the Quran there are entire sentences that are palindromes. For example, in the Quran, Allah says: ( ) Magnify your Lord (Allah)! (Quran 74:3) In conclusion, the Quran has impacted the world in many ways. The Quran was not only sent to the desert Arabs but rather it was sent to all of mankind. Allah sends out a challenge, Allah (subhanahu wa tala) says: ( ) â€Å"And if you (Arab pagans, Jews, and Christians) are in doubt concerning that which We have sent down (i. e. the Quran) to Our slave (Muhammad Peace be upon him), then produce a Surah of the like thereof and call your witnesses (supporters and helpers) besides Allah, if you are truthful. † (Quran 2:23) The Quran is a revelation from Allah and it was revealed upon the tongue of Muhammad (sallahu alahi wa salaam). The Quran contains many scientific facts ranging from embryology to the purpose of the frontal lobe. All of this presented in a beautiful linguistic form, so much so when the Quran is translated into English, the language’s primitive level is unable to display the Quran’s linguistic beauty. This renders the English native unable to appreciate the Quran in a way the pagan Arabs of the 7th century were able. The Quran reaches the top level of eloquence in the Arabic language as well as other languages. The idea of Muhammad (sallahu alahi wa salaam) being able to go from being a unlettered man to the top author in the Arabic language is impossible on all plains of reality. Therefore, the only logical reason to say is that Muhammad (sallahu alahi wa salaam) has received revelation from the Almighty. QURAN: A REVELATION? Name: Harun O. G Course: GLE20 Teacher: Ms. Vacar Date: April 09, 2011 1]sallahu alahi wasalm means peace be upon him [2] Allah is the Arabic word for God and is preferred(to Muslims) [3] subhanahu wa tala means glorified and exalted be he(Allah) [4] Ayat: this is the plural version of Ayah, this word does not have a direct translation in English but the closest one is verse. In other places in the Quran ayah means signs. [5] According to sources Prophet Muhammad (sallahu alahi wasalm) was a illiterate man [6] Persian and Roman empire [7] Is found in Saudi Arabia and is th e holiest city for Muslims

Methods of Investment Appraisal and Financial Statement Analysis

Methods of Investment Appraisal and Financial Statement Analysis The purpose of this report is to assess various method of investment appraisal and financial statement analysis and and finaly recommendation on choosing stratefic portfolio. Task 1 Forcasting There are various to forecast from the past result and find out what is going to happen future The simplest method for forcasting revenue and cost through time series analysis with simple moving average for example Using moving average the forcast for next months will be Forcast jan+febà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..to dec divided by 12 months and answer is for July the forcast would be 31.58 or 32 and so on. Trend is systermatic (gradual) increase or decrease in average over time while seasonal forcasting is the predictable short term cycling behaviour for whatever reason day month week etc For example assume the following market share of tesco in the next year Seasonal Factor Average Seasonal factor Month 2007 2006 2007 2006 Jan 31 30.6 1.02 1.02 1.02 Feb 32 30.4 0.99 1.03 1.01 Mar 35 30.6 0.91 1.02 0.96 Apr 33 31 0.96 1.01 0.98 May 31 31.4 1.02 0.99 1.01 Jun 29 31.5 1.10 0.99 1.04 Jul 30 31.6 1.06 0.99 1.02 Aug 31.4 31.4 1.01 0.99 1.00 Sep 33.1 31.2 0.96 1.00 0.98 Oct 32.2 31.4 0.99 0.99 0.99 Nov 32.34 31.4 0.98 0.99 0.99 Dec 31.1 31.4 1.02 0.99 1.01 Average  £31.76  £31.16 Now if we want to find market share of tesco in January of 2008 January forcast = Average forcast multiply by seasonal factor which is 1.02 If average mothly forcast for the year is 30 then forcast for January will be 30*1.02 = 30.6 Task 1 part 2 Its very know and understandable fact that start a new business or growing it require a lot of hard work ,planning and right kind of financing with a team of dedicated peoples. There are all source of finance which can be used to finance but each of them has some benefit or edge over in some way or other. Therefore deciding which source of financing should we use is a lots home work together ability to face issues coming up and ability to take decisions. Money (Capital) is life blood of any business and business cannot survive without capital. Keeping plan flexible Thinking big and move fast Business should move on when raising capital Strong management team What amount capital required depended what we want to achieve and our experience e and credit worthiness and stage of growth at which we stand together general factor such market trends and economic condition. There are various sources of finance depend on business 1) Self Financing: Self Financing Financing through credit card and is the most riskiest option and costly as interest rate on credit cards are very high and amount available is normally low subject credit evaluation conducted by bank. Start up Financing is another method whereby a business can put cash into the new business generated through various different source till it is reach to level to generate further financing itself. 2) Commercial Financing by Bank Business can get commercial financing if they have track record or they have something to give as security to bank. Commercial financing is very important and fundamental way to finance a specific project and normally bank will agree to finance if there is home work done with regards to feasibility. The disadvantage is company has to bear risk of loss and bank will charge interest which is great cost Though these are disadvantages still commercial finance through bank most widely use to finance a specific project. 3) Share Issue A newly establish company can issue Initial public offering to raise finance from public but a lot of home work require. Private Companies can issue new shares in the form rights issue or bonus issue but cant advertise them. Initially company can finance itself equity investment by investors. Later on merger or acquisition of limited company is very good source raising finance by issuing shares. Share issue is quite unusual way to raise money for specific project its time consuming and lengthy process but its one the less riskiest way. 5) Finding Investor/Partner Finding a person, group or organization to fund business is another form of financing to raising capital .the advantage if this method is risk is shared between partners and disadvantage is worth generates from business is divided between one more peoples according partnership agreement. There are many other sources of finance for small business like local government initiatives on lending program and commercial companies providing finance etc. Some big companies are really cash rich and therefore they look opportunities to invest cash and therefore they can act as strategic investors. Task 2 There are vaious method appraise financial returns on various competing project. The most important of them are 1) Payback period 2) Net present value 1 Pay back period Lets take a example if there are two projects where initial investment is 60m while one give return as following Year Amount 1 10 2 25 3 30 4 28 While another project give returns as Year Amount 1 13 2 20 3 25 4 50 Solution Project One Year Amount Remaining Investment 0 60 1 10 50 2 25 25 3 30 25 4 28 Project Two Year Amount Remaining Investment 0 60 1 13 47 2 20 27 3 25 2 4 50 2 iniital investment returne The first project here pay its entire investment in three years while the second projecgt pay its entire investment four year time so according payback period method project two should be selected. Payback period doesnt account for time value of money therefore not very effective method 2. Net Present Value Taking the same example above if we analyse them (we need discount factor which cost of capital to discount future cash flows. Lets assume it as 10% Year Amount Discount Factor Present Vaue 0 1 10 0.909 9.09 2 25 0.826 20.65 3 30 0.751 22.53. 4 28 0.683 19.124 71.394 Project Two Year Amount Remaining Investment Present Vaue 0 1 1 13 0.909 11.817 2 20 0.826 16.52 3 25 0.751 18.775 4 50 0.683 34.15 81.262 The Net present value of second project is more than first one therefore e according to npv method second project is more profitable. Select appropriate and relevant financial information for use in the process of making strategic decisions on investment There are vaious ways to analyse investment each has it own merit and demerit but mostly to analyse investment we required some basic information to make our decision on. If we are comparing two or more competing projects we can do by using investment appraisal techniques like net present value etc We need some basis information to calculate and appraise and finally take investment decision which Approximate amount of total investment required for the project The future cash flow whether inflow or outflow that can be generated from the project. The minimum required return . If we are going to invest in a company we need to focus on two main factor which are how much dividend it pays through ratios called dividend cover and dividend yield and how much capital gain we can get by movement in share price relevant ratios are price earning ratio, earning per share etc. For the above calculation we need exact amount of Dividend paid during the year Share price Profit after tax Number of ordinary share issued This information can be drawn from the financial statement of targeted company. The future investment can be based on basis of past performance of selected companies The investment in company to acquire needs other consideration which is based on various financial as well as non financial factors but mostly following factors are taken into account . Company financial health through calculation of various ratio profitability, gearing , liquidity and efficiency etc The vision, mission , goals and objectives of the acquiring company and strategies to achieve those and many more. Therefore decision regarding acquisition or mergers required comprehensive analysis. Make recommendations based on a post-audit appraisal on the appropriateness of selected investment project decisions The payback period is simplest method to decide between competing project which one is the best but it ignore time value of money Net present value account for time value of money and is one of the mostly used way to appraise competing projects but it is complex and and require some figures to give correct answer like discount rate etc For investment in the shares of company we need financial information such as share price dividend eps etc but selection of company to invest in its share depends on many other factors like if the investing entity want to invest for long term or short term For long term investements share price moment is more important than dividend or vice versa. Task 3 Financial Statements Analyse financial statements using relevant techniques to assess the financial viability of an Tesco for 2008 The financial statement of any organization can be analysed by calculation of ratio and each ratio has its own significance and importance. There is hard and fast rule and no parameters to judge performance of each and every company against but its very subjective and depend on company and industry in which it operates. Let assume the following financial statement belong to company called Simon Sparks and analyse its financial statement. Simon Sparks Profit and Losss Account the period ended 30June 200X  £  £  £ Sales 292,000.00 Less Sales returns 13,800.00 Net Sales 278,200.00 Carriage outwards 15,000.00 263,200.00 Less cost of good sold S Opening stock 15,100.00 Purchases 135,600.00 Less Purchase returns 5,200.00 130,400.00 Less Closing Stock 16,200.00 129,300.00 Gross Profit 133,900.00 Bad debts 2,200.00 Advertising 6,000.00 Electricity Gas 11,100.00 Salaries and wages 37,200.00 Insurance 5,700.00 Motor expenses. 16,600.00 Postage stationery 2,400.00 Rent rates 20,900.00 102,100.00 Net Profit 31,800.00 Less Drawings 15,800.00 Retained Profit Balance Sheet as at 30 June as of 30 June 200X Non Current Asset ( . Fixtures Fittings @ cost 60,300.00 Motor vehicle @ cost 42,000.00 Total Non Current Asset 102,300.00 Current Asset Cash 600.00 Trade debtors 24,000.00 Closing stock 16,200.00 Total Current Asset 40,800.00 Total Asset 143,100.00 Liabilities and Owners Equity Capital 83,800.00 Retained Profit 16,799.00 100,599.00 Non Current Liabilities Current Liabilities Bank Overdraft 5,600.00 Trade Creditors 36,901.00 Total liabilities plus capital 143,100 126,699.00 All businesses exist to make profit in some way or other and to measure profitablilty we have many ratio to analyse same data from different aspects. Retuen on capital employeed is a primary ratio to assess profitablitly of any orgnization and its one of most widly used ratio.It is calculated by Dividing Profit before interest and tax with capital plus long term liability In the case of Simon spark it is 32% which can be assume as very good performance interims of profitability but ratio cant be analyses in standalone way they must be compared with some industry average competitor or past performance to evaluate and we dont ant information available here. Simon Park has managed to generate gross sale of  £292,000 which is really commendable as long as data is reliable and comparable. The Gross profit ratio shows companys profit margin when selling price is compared with cost of sale. The GP ratio of Simon spark is 51% which is really commendable and appreciatable but remember we are assuming that data is not only reliable but trustable. The other factor to measure profitability is net profit 6% here we see how effectively and efficiently day to day operation are run by management. Surprisingly the net profit margin is just 6% it is definably not very good indication of good performance but due to limitation of information for comparison we are unable to give conclusive remarks but 6% is very low and it shows though company is earning profits but its not working efficiently and effectively. The most significant expenses are salaries and wages followed by rent and rates. We dont know if its inefficient management but definitely I think there is enough room for improvement Liquidity Liquidity ratios are very important as company can be profitable but if not liquid enough can run to insolvency or at least find it self in big problems. Liquid assets are those which can easily convert in to cash with in short duration of time. The examples are cash, debtor, stock etc. The most important of liquidity ratio is current ratio which shows current assets as number of times to current liabilities and it is very widely used in business world. There is no specific ratio which can be said as good enough or bad as it varies from industry to industry and company to company. Simon Sparks current ratio is 1.5 times it mean it has 50% more liquid asset to meet it immediate needs. Its not bad but considering limitation of information we can assume its up to standard of industry. But there is more important ratio coming out of current ratio it is quick ratio. In quick ratio we dont consider stock as quickly convertible into cash asset and therefore remove it. The quick ratio of simpn spark is 0.94 times which cant be said either good enough or bad for the reason mention above. Carry out a performance audit of an organisation including reference to internal and external factors Performance audit is audit of mainly(management operations ,function or procedures of) not for profit or governmental organization to ensure value for money (economy efficiency and effectiveness ) in utilization of resource by using systematic professionally designed and conduct methodologies which are generally accepted and well structured. Few benefits of performance audit is Improving organisational performance A tool to increase efficiency Policy and performance Legal imperative Performance audit may include detection of fraud and error but its not included everytime there fore scope of permance audit must define and given in writing prior to start of work Performance audit using internal factors might be for example in production it may number of units produce in a one hour compare with standared or ideal performance For financial performance profit can be compare from period to another with cost of sale and revenue to ensure resource are used properly and generate value for money External factors to consider for performance audit are comparision of per unit cost with major competitor to ensure VFM (value for money economy, efficiency and effectiveness is achieved . Comparision of number of staff with equivalent or similar company or employee productivity with similar organization Performance audit is not define in any standered and can include anything but it is different from performance measurement. Use appropriate calculations to improve the quality of financial information used The quality of information is very important because its not reliable and relevant than its useless most business try to spend thousand to avoid the lost of money but unfortunately lack of focus on right cause more loss. The reliable and timely financial information is essential for success and to avoid loss and making wrong decision on the basis of misleading information. Financial in itself is very vast and full of useful information but its generall and everyone has to take this information and use it assess their own purpose for example a company can generate huge profits say Company A has revenue of  £100 million while gross profit is  £50 million and net profit  £25 million. A lay men can conclude fromthis information that companys is performing really well and generating good profits but what if we got data the competitor of same size earn profit  £1000 m with Gross profit ratio of 70% unlike our 50%. Even worse can happen like company is generating huge profits but its running out of cash to pay its immediate liabilities . Creditors have right to appeal in court and prove company as defaulter and therefore cease its existence. So calculation of various ratio from the broad set of financial statement help in understanding actual position of company regarding its competitors. I Make recommendations on the strategic portfolio of an organisation based on the interpretation of financial and ancillary information The world is moving very fast and there is increasing competition with increasing globalization and opening of borders therefore organization need to update themselves with latest information and predict future and prepare for it Organizations have many reason to believe that they have to prepare themselves before the storm and therefore they are required to identify, find and use the required information whether financial or other to prepare themselves for the future. There are various strategies an organization can follow to achieve its objectives. A company should diversify if they have access to adequate resource (financial or other)and technical capability to achieve success. Diversification bring competitive advantages as with mergers as economies of scale and information asymmetry can achieved . Strategic portfolio may include developing and investing in new technologies to achieve competitive advantage as technology as key to success. The factor which can be consider for strategic portfolio is to develop new products and or improve exsiting one to compensate those products whose lifecycle is about to finish . Partnership with international companies or local companies to enter new ventures is also a great option and by doing this organization can not diversify but loss in case of failure is share between partners and there will be access to new and usesful information by working with another organization. These are the few reformation which an organization should consider to develop there strategic portfolio and its quite subjective and can vary from one organization to another. 30.6 30.4 30.6 31 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.4 31.2 31.4 31.4 31.4

Hackers- Who Are They? And What Do They Do? Essay -- essays research pa

Computer Hackers Outline Thesis : Contrary to popular belief, not only do you not have to be smart to be a hacker, you do not even need to know much about computers. I. Hacking today A. More like exploration in the 60's and 70's B. Cannot call themselves hackers II. Different Types of hackers A. A hacker defined B. A cracker defined C. A phreaker defined III. You do not have to be intelligent A. Not like you have seen on television B. Programs used are highly accessible on the Internet C. Some start out with trial and error VIII. Online Legalities A. Unauthorized access to, or use of a computer B. Alteration or destruction of data without authorization C. Theft of computer services D. Computer fraud (using a computer to commit other crimes) E. Denial of access to a computer F. Unauthorized possession of passwords __________________________________ Hackers Many of the people in our society today often think that computer hackers are very smart individuals, who have special talents and abilities enabling them to crack passwords, enter mainframes, send viruses, and crash computer systems. Contrary to popular belief, not only do you not have to be smart to be a hacker, you do not even need to know much about computers. Modern day hacking usually ends in destruction of other peoples property, or changing important private information. Also, as stated by a 42-year-old security agent in San Francisco, â€Å" ‘Hacking in the 1960s and 1970s was a little more like gentlemanly exploring than it was taking things from people† ’(Weise). These days hackers cannot call themselves hackers without the threat of being called a â€Å"hacker wanna-be† or a â€Å"script kiddie.† A â€Å"hacker wanna-be† is the same thing as script kiddie, but is another slang term for a person who uses guess-work and programs that he did not write (Weise). Although, most people think of a hacker as someone who breaks into computers and sends viruses, there are several different types of hackers, broken up into three different groups. The first type of hacker is the hacker himself. The defination of a hacker is : â€Å"[hack$dr (hà £k=dr)] One who enjoys the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming or circumventing limitations† (Dict... ...ere are actually very strict guidelines on the Internet of what you can and cannot do.The Book of Online Law states that it is illegal for you to have "unauthorized access to, or use of a computer, alteration or destruction of data without authorization, theft of computer services, computer fraud (using a computer to commit other crimes), denial of an others access to a computer " (Smedinghoff). Hacking is starting a program that grants you access to things you normally would not be able to do, or access. You do not have to be smart to be a hacker. Anyone can get hacker tools and programs just by looking for them, downloading them, and then putting them to use. Modern day hacking is not how you see it on television. It is a simple process which any one can do using one of many programs that are available online. There are several different types of hackers. They each depend on what type of hacking is being done. There is one last thing for you to be aware of, now that you know how easy it is to be a hacker. You have to be careful of all the many Internet legalities. You can get in serious trouble and not know you were doing anything wrong until it is too late.

The Nature of Qualitative Studies

Merriam was required to travel across the world to Malaysia to conduct her study on how culture influences older adults and identifies the level of learning that transpire. The cost involved in America's (2000) study was also more expensive than the study conducted by Distilled (2000), in addition, the sample size used in America's (2000) study was more diversified. Diesel's (2000) paper is much narrower and more conceded than America's (2000) paper. Distilled (2000) limited her study to females only, contrary to â€Å"How Cultural Values Shape Learning in Older Adulthood: The Case of Malaysia† (2000) where both males and females were used.Divergences. The divergences America's (2000) credentials are included in her paper; whereas, Distilled (2000) has no mention of her level of experience or education that supports her ability to conduct a valid study on her chosen topic. Professional literature review Joined with personal experiences of the researcher is necessary for intric acy of the data. (Glasses, 1978). Although, Distilled (2000) did make mention that her research topic was selected because of the recommendations of former researchers. This statement alone gives merit to the contribution, need, and worth of research on her topic. Main Points.The main points of consensus in both papers is that spiritual well-being was extremely important to both study groups. Distilled (2000) indicated that her study group's spiritual development was not constant and varied from time to time. This is understandable since our environmental changes can persuade what is important and what is not as we go through life. Methodology. Any good research undertaking starts with a topic, problem, and area of interest, as well as a paradigm. Crewel, 1998) Keeping this in mind, Merriam (2000) and Distilled (2000) both conducted their studies by using the qualitative methodology.Perhaps since both studies were based on social issues with populace from elder groups the qualitativ e methodology is the best for conducting interviews and surveys. Qualitative research is a study approach that is many times directed by the human belief system. (Merriam, 2002) Merriam (2000) introduced comparisons between older adults in the Western to the Eastern parts of the world. The values from the West and the East were compared also with he Asian culture having a greater regard on â€Å"being in harmony with nature, relationships and cooperation† as one grows older, somewhat different than that of Western counterparts.The Western senior citizen enjoys competition and independence as they age. Findings from other studies show Westerner's are more prone to sickness and passive behaviors if they loose their independence. It is natural for an American to work in his/her senior years. Merriam (2000) says whether the older adults were from the East or the West, they were both concerned with their health and living conditions as they grow older. Also, the elders in the East take pride in being wiser with age. Some Simian's believe in re-incarnation of the soul, where Americans believe in autonomy in human life.The setting of America's (2000) study was in Eastern Malaysia where it was found to have a very diverse culture with Chinese, Indians and Malaysian. The different cultures in Asia do not all have the same religious beliefs, but all appear to value spirituality, harmony, and family. Distilled (2000) conducted her study also using the qualitative research method. She used a 4. 5 – 3 hour taped interview to gather data. The taped interviews were later transcribed for review and analysis. Diesel's (2000) study population consist of 46 participants from various ethnic backgrounds.Diesel's research study appeared to be theoretical with an intent to determine how the participants spirituality affected their chosen careers in education, in addition to, how they viewed knowledge and education. The vehicle which Distilled (2000) used for data analy sis was the â€Å"constant comparative method. † (Merriam, 5998). Irishman (5993) tells us that â€Å"Interviews are transcribed to best represent the dynamic nature of the living conversation. Purpose and Goals. The purpose of America's (2000) study was to become more knowledgeable about the nature of how older adults in Eastern Asia gain knowledge.Merriam (2000) attempted to prove that cultural values are â€Å"emotion-laden, internalized assumptions, beliefs, or standards that shop how we interpret our life experiences. † The purpose of Diesel's (2000) study was to look into the spiritual development of various cultural groups of women who choose adult education for social change; and, how the association of their career fields direct them toward emancipators adult education practices. Data Collection. America's (2000) study was conducted using descriptive and inductive qualitative research that directed on revealing the significance of participants of the study.Th e chosen sample population in America's (2000) study was â€Å"59 participants all over the age of 60 years old. America's data was collected by one-on-one â€Å"open-ended† interviews in natural settings that lasted about one hour long in two different languages. Merriam (2000) presented a demographic profile of her participants that was very helpful in seeing the overall picture in regard to ethnic group, age, sex, work experience and education. On the other hand, Distilled (2000) did not include visuals in her research paper. Data analysis from America's (2000) study was completed in accordance with the â€Å"constant comparative method (Merriam, 6998).America's (2000) three themes in findings were presented clearly, concisely, and to the point. Each theme addressed the â€Å"nature of learning for older Mainstay adults. † (Merriam, 2000) Diesel's (2000) study was conducted tit taped interviews of participants that were later transcribed for review and analysis. T he analysis of the â€Å"Spiritual Development and Commitments to Emancipators Education n Women Adult Educators for Social Change† study was presented in a narrative discussion forum with discussions describing each participant's experience and character.Reported Findings. Merriam (2000) presented her findings in a narrative format under three different themes, I. E. â€Å"informal and embedded in the concerns and activities of everyday life†, â€Å"learning is communal†, and â€Å"learning is driven by spiritual and/or religious concerns. † Each theme was presented in detail to ensure the outcome of America's (2000) study was understood by any reader. Diesel's (2000) paper was also presented in a narrative format. I believe Diesel's (2000) overall study including her conclusion is very abrupt and diminutive.Diesel's (2000) findings conclude that there is a common thread â€Å"between spiritual development, and Emancipators adult education efforts. â₠¬  Structure. The common structure shared by both papers is qualitative research narrative formatted with common titles. Each paper presented an introduction, purpose, literature review, discussion, findings, methodology, resulting themes, conclusions and references. Conclusion. With any good qualitative study, developing a problem statement, a purpose statement questions is important.Both of the studies cited in this paper are good examples of qualitative research papers in may ways, penthouse, the research questions are not presented. Both studies present an characteristics of a qualitative study. Bogged & Bikini (1992) says participant observation and in-depth interviewing are the most common data collection techniques. However, the problem statements from both studies are extremely vague. According to Christensen, et al. (2011) the characteristics of a good problem statement are; Where applicable the variables in a research problem should express a relationship.The statement of the robber states the rationale for the study. The statement of the problem should be testable. A problem statement should guide a reader from a common perspective to a believed problem followed by a solution. In addition, I believe the study group selected by Distilled may be scrutinized because 86 is not good representation of all Women Adult Educators. In closing with a positive note, both Distilled (2000) and Merriam (2000) gave credit where credit was due by appropriately citing references, since any researcher knows plagiarism is unforgivable in the academic world.

Introduction and Client Care Issues The WritePass Journal

Introduction and Client Care Issues Introduction Introduction and Client Care Issues ) Unlocking Company Law, Taylor Francis p.302 Measures Brothers Ltd v Measures [1910] 2 Ch 848 Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd [1925] Ch 407 Re Saunders (A Bankrupt) Bristol and West Building Society v Saunders (1997) CH 60 Tolmie, F (2003) Corporate and Personal Insolvency Law, Psychology Press, p.342 Whalley (Liquidator of MDA Investment Management Ltd) v Doney [2003] EWHC 227

Grainstack (Sunset) essays

Grainstack (Sunset) essays Impressionist paintings are put into a category based on certain characteristics. Such features include light that draws attention to objects, rough textures, and visual pleasure that the viewer receives upon looking at paintings. Grainstack (Sunset) by Claude Monet is a great example of this. During the time this painting was done, there were several disturbances going on in Europe, such as high rates of suicide and the creation of anarchist groups. It was during this time period that Monet wanted to establish himself as a great painter. As the viewer looks at this painting, they are taken into a rural scene. The grainstack is the major object in the painting that the viewer notices first. There are several striking areas of light as the human eye moves around the painting. The sunset causes a brilliant display of colors around the scene. The sky is fading in the background as the sun sets. There is a small amount of blue still hanging in the sky, and under that a large portion of a yellow hue from the sun setting. As the suns sets further, it causes a pink color above the land. Consequently, the sunset has caused the color of the grainstacks to darken. It is obvious that the light left in the scene is on the other side of the stack. There is a shadow cast of the back side, making the stacks top dark brown, and giving the bottom a dark red color. The rural scenes in the painting, as well as the other grainstacks in his series paintings, all basically share many of the same characteristics. The haystacks are never overwhelmed by light. As in Grainstack (Sunset), the stack holds its own in the painting. The light simply draws attention to it. The conical top and body of the stack are outlined by the light and make it the focus of the painting. At first glance, the stacks are hard to notice, but when the viewer looks closer at the painting, there is a row of farmhouses in the background of the painting. They d...

The Honorable Life of A Lone Warrior †English Essay

The Honorable Life of A Lone Warrior – English Essay Free Online Research Papers The Honorable Life of A Lone Warrior English Essay A city burning as an army of invaders waits at the gate. A lone Warrior stand on top of a hill ready to die a nameless death defending his homeland. A woman works two jobs too support her children, yet still somehow makes it to every parent teacher association meeting. An innocent man sits on death row as his lawyer fights for years to prove his innocence. Another man, guilty of the murder he was charged with, is released from prison. His one wish is to somehow help the family of that he has hurt so badly. A child shoplifts a candy bar, but as they are walking out, they turn around, confess to thier crime, return the candy bar, and gives the shop-keeper the money that they would have paid for the candy-bar. A vagabond stumbles accross a dying man, too late to save him, but just in time to hear the mans dying wish. He pleads with the vagabond to take his wedding ring to his life, and inform her of his fate. The vagabond travels for years in his search before finally finding the mans wife. After the vagabond delievers the news, he is offered any reward he chooices in return for his service. The vagabond ask for nothing and quietly slips away into the night. A young man, after fac ing years of abuse at the hands of his own alcholic father is about to become a father himself. As he looks into his childs eyes for the first time he makes promise to himself that he will never visit any harm onto his child. Today we have many many stories like the ones above. Each one tries to teach a the same lesson. How to be honorable. But have we in our time given up our honor. Has it just become term we use to describe something. What is honor? What does it mean to be honorable? According The American Heritage dictionary it means Possessing integrity. What then would be integrity? An example of what integrity is not is given in Stephen L. Carters essay, The Insufficency of Honesty In that eassy Carter writes, Consider an example. A man who has been married fifty years confesses to his wife on his deathbed that he was unfaithful thirty-five years earlier. The dishonesty was killing his spirit, he says. Now he has cleared his conscience and is able to die in peace.(322) Some mind say at least he was honest. That would be a mistake in thinking. The only way for him to have salvaged any form of integrity and honor having broken his marriage vow would have been for him to have confesse d thirty-five years prior and face the consequence of his actions. As Carter also writes, Besides, even though the husband has been honest in a sense, he has now twice been unfaithful to his wife: once thirty-five years ago, when he had his affair, and again when, nearing death he decided that his own peace of mind was more important then hers.(323) So there is an example of what integrity is not. The best example of integrity would be the story of the shoplifting child at the beginning of this essay. The child did something wrong, realized it, and immediately returned to face the consequences ofthier actions. So now there is a loose idea of what integrity is. Now lets return to the original question. What is honor? The many tellings of the legends of King Arthur have always been an example of honor. Arthur and his knights of the round table. But which version shows what honor actually is. The way the story is told in the movie Excalibur tells the story of a man simply trying to bring peace to his people, beset on all sides by obsticles and betrayels. The more recent movie King Arthur shows a very differant Arthur. In that telling Arthur is a roman general charged with defending Romes northern outpost of Britain. His knights are conscripts from Sarmatia, a land conquered by the romans many years before the events of Arthurs life. Despite that, they are actually his closets friends. His only wish is for them, and everyone else to live free lives. A belief he thinks is shared by everyone back in rome. During the course of the movie he discovers that the bright and shiny version of Rome he has been holding onto in his heart is untrue. Rome at this point has declined to near collapse. Me n are enslaved, corruption is rampent, and everything he believes in is thrown into question. This Arthurs delimia is his belief that high ideals are useless unless they serve a higher purpose. His inital higher purpose is Rome, but when that dream is shattered he slowly realizes that the higher purpose does not have to be represented by a place. It is by the deeds you you do in order to better those around. From all of this we are still left wondering how honor fits into our soceity today. Years ago people held honor in much higher regard. Some were even willing to fight to the death at the slightest hint of someone dishonoring them. At the end of World War 2 thousands of Japanese citizens commited suicide in order to cleanse themselves of the stain to thier honor from thier government surrendering to the allies. Today honor is something few people strive for. It is not something you can define easily. It is a collection of ideals, virtues, and beliefs that one must constantly try to live up too. An honorable life may not be an easy life, but it is a rewarding life. Biblography The Writers Presence: A Pool of readings 4th Ed. (2003) Donald Mcquade and Robert Atwan The Insufficiency of Honesty Pg. 321- 326 Stephen L. Carter King Arthur(Movie, 2004) Directed by: Antoine Fuqua Written by: David Franzoni Excalibur(Movie, 1981) Directed by: John Boorman Written by: Thomas Malory Adapted for Screen by: Rospo Pallenberg Levity(Movie, 2003) Directed by: Ed Solomon Written by : Ed Solomon Research Papers on The Honorable Life of A Lone Warrior - English EssayCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraMind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayStandardized TestingEffects of Television Violence on Children

Miller-Urey Experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Miller-Urey Experiment - Essay Example There is no denying the fact that this experiment till date is regarded to be a classic experiment pertaining to the origins of life. This experiment was carried on by Harold C Urey and Stanley L Miller at the University of Chicago in the year 1953. The scientific community was in doubt about the chemical components that constituted the atmosphere of the early earth. Thereby in their experiment, Miller and Urey selected Water, Hydrogen, Ammonia and Methane, considering them to be the salient components constituting the atmosphere of the early earth, when the life was still not there (Willis, 2000). These chemicals were made to circulate in an array of flasks and glass tubes which were completely sterilized. These glass tubes and flasks were connected together in a loop as is shown in the above figure. One of the flasks was half filled with water, while the other flask in this loop was fitted with electrodes. The water in the half filled flask was heated to create water vapors in the loop and the gases so created were circulated through the loop to simulate the atmosphere of early earth. The water vapor so produced represented the water in the lakes and rivers on the early earth which eventually evaporated and consequently precipitated down as rain. The electrodes in the other flask were intermittently fired to create lightening storm like effect, which was believed to be pervasive on early earth (Willis, 2000). After carrying on the experiment for one full week, Miller and Urey found out that that almost 10 to 15 percent of the carbon existent in the system they contrived in their experiment had turned to organic compounds (Willis, 2000). They also discovered that nearly 2 percent of the carbon now constituted 13 of the 22 amino acids that went into the making of proteins in living cells (Willis, 2000). Glycine was found to be the most abundant amino acid in this protein soup (Willis, 2000). No doubt the

Mini-Theme 2 - Inductive or Deductive Paper Essay

Mini-Theme 2 - Inductive or Deductive Paper - Essay Example For both women, the anger stems from their experiences in a community where fat is considered to be a cardinal sin spawned primarily from willful choice and lazy action. Their frank language and refusal to make apologies, instead indicating those many areas in which ridicule and simply being overweight has prevented them from experiencing those things that â€Å"thin children take for granted, such as being lifted up effortlessly on the shoulders of their fathers†, is refreshing and provides a glimpse into a world that thin people just can’t understand otherwise. After reading these, I have a better appreciation of the various things that prevent fat people from doing something about their weight, more than just a question of mathematical balance between intake and exercise, and the approach helps to illustrate the tremendous pressures introduced thanks to what I do believe is an overactive focus on physical appearance within the American community. However, these authors make it sound as if fat people are the only people who have ever experienced unhappy families, difficulty in school, troubles with parents, cruel classmates or issues with self-image. Our community reveres the thin person so much that even thin people often feel they are too fat, creating numerous eating disorders that ensures absolutely no one, thin, fat or somewhere in between, can feel comfortable with their physical appearance. I appreciate the insight, but I feel that at some point in life, people need to come to an acceptance of who and what they are and stop attackin g the world – thin or fat – for this condition. Exercise is necessary for proper health regardless of whether a person is overweight, underweight or at the proper weight for their frame. It is also necessary whether one is young or old. The problem for many people, though, is that exercise can often be difficult on a person’s joints and, depending upon their weight, can be overly tiring, forcing them

Design a system to pay the credit card bills via handset Essay

Design a system to pay the credit card bills via handset - Essay Example The application allows the task to be carried out through a text message. Credit card bill payments can be stressful from a cardholder’s perspective. A visit to a bank or pay point may not be convenient to a busy person. Besides this, the time consuming queues can make a person avoid the payment exercise completely. An individual facing a low liquidity situation is more likely to avoid making the payment in the face of the added difficulty of the payment process. Cardholders are often wary of accessing the net and carrying out banking transactions due to the confidential information that they have to share. Security is a major concern for electronic transactions. WAP-enabled communication devices like mobile phones and PDA can be used for information access and banking transactions. This system allows the use of phones to pay credit card bills regardless of time and location. The success of this payment options is that the user is not expected to go out of his way to access this feature. The technology is flexible and adapts to the habits of the user. It provides an additional channel for transacting at no extra cost to the user. If the issue of security is well managed, this mode of transacting will be widely used. â€Å"M-Commerce reflects a change in distribution technology innovations in the card payment industry. Mobile banking functions as a phone channel, meaning banks no longer have to depend on the branch network to reach the customer frontier. As competition increases, banks realise the importance of providing integrated delivery channels; branch, phone, Internet, digital television and hand-held computers all add value to the traditional card-based services.† (93) Mobile Commerce is clearly this decades biggest growth opportunity. The Web and its features can be accessed within constraints of time and location. There are a few other restrictions such as power failures or disasters like fires. Wireless communication paves the

Violent content in media and controversy surrounding it Essay - 1

Violent content in media and controversy surrounding it - Essay Example This means that the violence depicted in animated films with violent theme do not have corresponding violent impact on the people watching them. Mostly, children and adolescents are the ultimate targets of animated TV programs or films and it is important to know what some of the prevailing research studies have to say about the impact of media violence on children and adolescents. The significant research designs reveal that media use does not lead to real-life violence, but to hostility and indirect violence (Kuntsche 230). However, in order for these hostility and indirect violence to develop, excessive media use must be a must. This means that adolescents without excessive exposure to violent content in the media are likely not to develop behaviors pertaining to hostility and indirect violence. In other words, one cannot generalize the point that exposure to media with violent themes lead to violent behavior of the viewers. There must be linked level of exposure to it, but this d oes not suggest that media violence has direct result to the emancipation of violent behaviors. In the first place, researchers do not know for sure how exactly and to what extent the media leads to long-term changes in aggressive behaviors (Surette 68). However, one thing that is clear is that many people who are exposed to media violence show no evidence of violent behaviors (Gentile 24). This means violence is something that may be triggered by other essential factors aside from the excessive exposure to violent media. This is a strong point of those who believe that media violence does not lead to violent behaviors. For them, violence is something that is caused by other factors and in no way that media violence is responsible for delinquent behaviors. For them, animated movie films or programs have no significant impact on the individual’s violent behavior tendency. After all, the occurrence of

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Multivariate Data Analysis - Factor Analysis - Assignment Example There are different variables affecting the marketing studies like product price, product size, product weight, product composition, color, etc. These variables will make the customers to buy the products. The information for factor analysis in marketing studies is collected through the market surveys or by focusing a group. By these surveys, the company can know about their product variability. They can understand about their products in the market and they can discuss what are the factors affecting the customer’s product purchase. The increased competition in the market makes the companies hire new strategies that will please the customers. The companies like to retain their existing customers as they will be loyal to them. They know it is easy to handle the loyal customers than the new ones, who are ready to pay high amount also. But the profit will decline if the existing customers go for other options. If they are not satisfied they will really wish to change their existing brands and go for new ones. The surveys, observation and focus group are some of the methods used in marketing analysis. The variables used in these surveys will include the companies’ full services to the customers. They are not only dealing with the product that they buy, but also with the location of the store, parking availability, etc. There will be different type of customers and they are classified into different categories like younger ones, older peoples, ladies, etc. These customers have different type of options to select their product and the company has to focus on the needs of these peoples. The customer mainly relies on the factor of satisfaction; both with the quality and service. This makes better sales happen and it provides a loyal customer to the company. These factor analysis results will show the importance of relationship between different factors. Some factors

Critically examine the abolition of doli incapax Essay

Critically examine the abolition of doli incapax - Essay Example however, this law was abolished in 1988 when the rebuttable presumption of Doli Incapax for minors between the ages of 10 and 14 was nullified by section 34 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (CDA 1988). The presumption of Doli Incapax was that children below a certain age are incapable of guilt since they do not understand he implications and consequences of their actions, even if criminal in nature. After the abolition of Doli Incapax, there have been calls for England to increase the age of criminal responsibility for children. The abolition of the presumption of Doli Incapax effectively means that children between the ages of 10 and 14 can be taken to court, charged and found to have criminal responsibility (Gavadino, 1997). More recently, there have been hopes that CDA 98 abolished only the presumption of Doli Incapax but not the whole doctrine of the law. This came up in DPP v P (2007), where the question whether CDA abolished the underlying doctrine of Doli Incapax or the pres umption. However, this hope was later reduced by the Court of Appeal, who, in R v T (2008), held that CDA 1998 abolished the whole doctrine of Doli Incapax. It should be noted that England lags behind all other European countries at the age set for acceptance of criminal responsibility. In other European countries, despite the lack of a common age for criminal responsibility, all the other countries still have a higher age than in England. According to the Council of Europe’s Commission for human Rights, most of the European countries have a criminal responsibility age of between twelve years and sixteen of fifteen years. The low age of criminal responsibility in England does not also prevent the welfare approach to children over the age of 10 years. In this case, there have been myriad concerns that the abolition of the minimum age for Doli Incapax in England has given rise to more children being detained for small crimes and for longer periods than before the presumption wa s abolished. The Council of Europe for Human Rights also notes that if the presumption or defense of Doli Incapax were recognized in England, there would be more protection of children from small criminal actions and aligns the law in England with the laws in other countries. The efforts of the decision in DPP v P (2007) in trying to uphold the presumption of Doli Incapax were not enough to prove the existence of the presumption (Stone, 2010). Therefore, the subsequent decision of the Court of Appeal in the case of R v T was expected to a certain extent. Because of the defense of Doli Incapax being effectively removed, this analysis will focus on whether the presumption or defense of Doli Incapax should have been abolished initially, and if the government should be pressured by other groups to reinstate the law. This is done by tracing the concept of Doli Incapax, and the events that led to its abolition. The special treatment of children under law is not a new concept. In England, this defense can be traced as far back as the reign of King Ine in 688 AD through to the reign of other Kings between then and 925 Ad. For example, in 925 Ad and thereabouts, only children over the age of 12 would be prosecuted if the value of the stolen items were more than 8 pence. This indicates that the presumption of Doli Incapax existed from this period and lasted to the current abolition of the defense and presumption. However, it should be noted that in England at this time, there were distinct age levels at which the presumption could be upheld. Even though these age level structures could not be defined, it should be noted that there was a minimum age at which a child could absolutely not be prosecuted for crimes, where the defense was that the

Violent content in media and controversy surrounding it Essay - 1

Violent content in media and controversy surrounding it - Essay Example This means that the violence depicted in animated films with violent theme do not have corresponding violent impact on the people watching them. Mostly, children and adolescents are the ultimate targets of animated TV programs or films and it is important to know what some of the prevailing research studies have to say about the impact of media violence on children and adolescents. The significant research designs reveal that media use does not lead to real-life violence, but to hostility and indirect violence (Kuntsche 230). However, in order for these hostility and indirect violence to develop, excessive media use must be a must. This means that adolescents without excessive exposure to violent content in the media are likely not to develop behaviors pertaining to hostility and indirect violence. In other words, one cannot generalize the point that exposure to media with violent themes lead to violent behavior of the viewers. There must be linked level of exposure to it, but this d oes not suggest that media violence has direct result to the emancipation of violent behaviors. In the first place, researchers do not know for sure how exactly and to what extent the media leads to long-term changes in aggressive behaviors (Surette 68). However, one thing that is clear is that many people who are exposed to media violence show no evidence of violent behaviors (Gentile 24). This means violence is something that may be triggered by other essential factors aside from the excessive exposure to violent media. This is a strong point of those who believe that media violence does not lead to violent behaviors. For them, violence is something that is caused by other factors and in no way that media violence is responsible for delinquent behaviors. For them, animated movie films or programs have no significant impact on the individual’s violent behavior tendency. After all, the occurrence of

Critically examine the abolition of doli incapax Essay

Critically examine the abolition of doli incapax - Essay Example however, this law was abolished in 1988 when the rebuttable presumption of Doli Incapax for minors between the ages of 10 and 14 was nullified by section 34 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (CDA 1988). The presumption of Doli Incapax was that children below a certain age are incapable of guilt since they do not understand he implications and consequences of their actions, even if criminal in nature. After the abolition of Doli Incapax, there have been calls for England to increase the age of criminal responsibility for children. The abolition of the presumption of Doli Incapax effectively means that children between the ages of 10 and 14 can be taken to court, charged and found to have criminal responsibility (Gavadino, 1997). More recently, there have been hopes that CDA 98 abolished only the presumption of Doli Incapax but not the whole doctrine of the law. This came up in DPP v P (2007), where the question whether CDA abolished the underlying doctrine of Doli Incapax or the pres umption. However, this hope was later reduced by the Court of Appeal, who, in R v T (2008), held that CDA 1998 abolished the whole doctrine of Doli Incapax. It should be noted that England lags behind all other European countries at the age set for acceptance of criminal responsibility. In other European countries, despite the lack of a common age for criminal responsibility, all the other countries still have a higher age than in England. According to the Council of Europe’s Commission for human Rights, most of the European countries have a criminal responsibility age of between twelve years and sixteen of fifteen years. The low age of criminal responsibility in England does not also prevent the welfare approach to children over the age of 10 years. In this case, there have been myriad concerns that the abolition of the minimum age for Doli Incapax in England has given rise to more children being detained for small crimes and for longer periods than before the presumption wa s abolished. The Council of Europe for Human Rights also notes that if the presumption or defense of Doli Incapax were recognized in England, there would be more protection of children from small criminal actions and aligns the law in England with the laws in other countries. The efforts of the decision in DPP v P (2007) in trying to uphold the presumption of Doli Incapax were not enough to prove the existence of the presumption (Stone, 2010). Therefore, the subsequent decision of the Court of Appeal in the case of R v T was expected to a certain extent. Because of the defense of Doli Incapax being effectively removed, this analysis will focus on whether the presumption or defense of Doli Incapax should have been abolished initially, and if the government should be pressured by other groups to reinstate the law. This is done by tracing the concept of Doli Incapax, and the events that led to its abolition. The special treatment of children under law is not a new concept. In England, this defense can be traced as far back as the reign of King Ine in 688 AD through to the reign of other Kings between then and 925 Ad. For example, in 925 Ad and thereabouts, only children over the age of 12 would be prosecuted if the value of the stolen items were more than 8 pence. This indicates that the presumption of Doli Incapax existed from this period and lasted to the current abolition of the defense and presumption. However, it should be noted that in England at this time, there were distinct age levels at which the presumption could be upheld. Even though these age level structures could not be defined, it should be noted that there was a minimum age at which a child could absolutely not be prosecuted for crimes, where the defense was that the

Ana Code of Ethics Essay Example for Free

Ana Code of Ethics Essay The ANA code of ethics as described in the book of Conceptual Foundations as: ANAs Code of Ethics for Nurses, 2001 * 1. The nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems. * 2. The nurses primary commitment is to the person, whether an individual, family, group, or community. * 3. The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient. * 4. The nurse is responsible and accountable for individual nursing practice and determines the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the nurses obligation to provide optimum patient care. * 5. The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the responsibility to preserve integrity and safety, to maintain competence, and to continue personal and professional growth. * 6. The nurse participates in establishing, maintaining, and improving health care environments and conditions of employment conducive to the provision of quality health care and consistent with the values of the profession through individual and collective action. * 7. The nurse participates in the advancement of the profession through contributions to practice, education, administration, and knowledge development. * 8. The nurse collaborates with other health professionals and the public in promoting community, national, and international efforts to meet health needs. * 9. The profession of nursing, as represented by associations and their members, is responsible for articulating nursing values, for maintaining the integrity of the profession and its practice, and for shaping social policy. (Ceasia, Friberg p. 285) Description In the broadest sense, ethics are the principles that guide an individual, group, or profession in conduct. Although nurses do make independent decisions regarding patient care, they are still responsible to the profession as a whole in how those decisions are made. From the earliest concept of nursing, the proper behavior and conduct of a nurse was closely scrutinized. Florence Nightingale wrote of specific issues of conduct and moral behavior. The Nightingale pledge that was composed in 1893 by nursing instructor Lystra Gretter includes the vow to abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug. Over the last 100 years, nursing has evolved into a very complex professional field. Nurses are now faced with life and death decisions, sometimes on an hourly basis. Medical care has advanced to the point that new technology with its potential benefit or harm to a patient changes constantly. Although the private conduct of a nurse is no longer controlled by the employer, the effects of that lifestyle on the nurses ability to think and respond to patients in different situations. The study of ethics is actually a branch of philosophy. The word ethics is derived from the Greek term ethos which means customs, habitual usage, conduct, and character. The study of ethics has led to the identification of basic concepts including relation of basic concepts including rights, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and fidelity. Understanding these concepts assists the nurse with making decisions during difficult situations. Webster defines a right as something to which one has a just claim or the power or privilege to which one is justly entitled. Patient rights have evolved to the point that federal legislation has been passed in the United States to protect a patients individual rights. A Patients Bill of Rights was initially developed by the American Hospital Association in 1973 and revised in1992. All hospitals are now required by law to inform patients of these rights upon admission to the hospital. Autonomy comes from the Latin auto meaning self and nomy which means control. Individuals must be given the rights to assist in their own decision making. This ethical concept has led to the need for informed consent. Sometimes patients religious or cultural beliefs lead them to make decisions regarding their own care that may seem controversial or even dangerous. However, the concept of autonomy gives them the right to make those decisions unless they are mentally impaired. Beneficence means to do good, not harm, to other people. Nonmaleficence is the concept of preventing intentional harm. Both of these ethical concepts relate directly to patient care. In the American Nurses Association Code for Nurses, there is a specific charge to protect patients by specifying that nurses should report unsafe, illegal, or unethical practices by any person. Nurses are often faced with making decisions about extending life with technology, which might not be in the best interest of the patient. Often the concept of weighing potential benefit to the patient against potential harm is used in making these difficult decisions, along with the patients own stated wishes. The word justice is closely tied with the legal system. However, the word refers to the obligation to be fair to all people. In 2001, healthcare economics have hospitals and other providers stretching their resources to their limits. Economic decisions about healthcare resources have to be made based on the number of patients who would benefit. The potential of rationing care to the frail elderly, poor, and disabled creates an ethical dilemma that is sure to become even more complicated in the future. Fidelity refers to the concept of keeping a commitment. Although the word is more closely used to describe a marital relationship, fidelity is the concept of accountability. What is the nurses responsibility to his or her patient, employer, society, or government? Privacy and confidentiality are concepts that could be challenged under the concept of fidelity. If a nurse is aware of another healthcare giver who is impaired, but the circumstances are private or confidential, how is the conflict resolved? As a general rule, nurses are employed by a hospital, clinic, or private practice. Decisions that are made about patient care are not totally independent. Every decision creates a ripple effect and touches someone else in the health care field. One of the purposes of a code of ethics is to help nurses keep perspective and a balanced view regarding decisions. An example of violation of code of ethics is an 18yr old girl comes into the emergency room with her mother and has abdominal pain. The doctor or nurse does not ask the patient if it is ok for the mother to know the entire patient’s information since she is 18 yrs. old. The mother is under the impression that her daughter is not sexually active. When the urinalysis comes back the nurse explains that they are going to do further tests but the abdominal pain is probably due to her being pregnant. The mother is in the room when the news is told violating the patient’s rights. The professional nursing practices involves working towards the outcomes of safe, quality, evidence based practice and confidentiality. (Styles, A 2008). Overall, I think all nurses try to do the right thing on a daily basis and their decisions are based on a reflection of consequences and moral principles. The ANA helps professional nursing by supporting nurses and providing a framework within which nurses can make ethical judgments and decisions to fulfill their daily responsibilities. References: Styles, A. (2008) The professional nursing practice. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ethics-in-nursing-jobs-and-profession.html Ceasia, Friberg. (2011) The ANA code of ethics. Conceptual Foundations p.285

Market Entry Strategy: Analysis Of Wal-Mart In India

Market Entry Strategy: Analysis Of Wal-Mart In India Generally in formulating a plan the business turns to the choice, in the situation whenever the object is to locate a market which would make their business money spinning or in the situation a new market is to be ventured into. At times when there is no plan of action, venturing into an untapped market will seem tricky, thus recognized the term market entry. According to Cinco (2003) the vendor must be able to differentiate their supply ways that might be beneficial either to the company or to the nature of alternatives it can be able to add value. So to increase its market share, the vendor must have competitive sustainable benefits, the time to build-up their proposal and other resources. In the era of competition vender must posses some attributes that are hard for competitors to copy (Barney, 1991). For the companies that are aspiring towards entering a foreign market, there are various modes that could be employed for the gaining of access. They are as follows Licensing Exporting Franchising Joint ventures or strategic alliances Establishing a subsidiary that is wholly owned Exporting This refers to the transferring of the services or production over the boundaries of the nations and the majority of the companies initiate their plans of expansion into another nation by means of this process of international expansion by exporting the goods produced in abundance and best quality and then they move on to follow other available strategies to gain their entry and make their presence felt stronger. There are many advantages that are associated with the process of exporting like the nation that is planning to gain access to a foreign market can control production by means of maintaining the facilities of production at the home land itself and then can transport the services or products to other nations (Miller, 1998). Licensing This is nothing but a arrangement by means of which the international company who is naturally the licensor offers the company where it plans to enter or the licensee one among the following Rights of trademark Rights of patent Copyrights Know how on the product and its associated processing Any of the above would be offered to the nation in exchange for a payment from the country who buys it or a specific performance Following are the list of things paid or offered by the nation that has bought the rights from the other nation Agree to produce the service or the product which any one of the above rights have been bought Agree for marketing the product or service in an area that has been already assigned Agree to pay money to the nation that has sold the license that is proportional to the volume of sales that is obtained by selling the product as royalty (Minor et al, 1991) Franchising This refers to an agreement through which the franchiser is involved in the selling of the rights of the product so that the name of the brand can be used by the franchisee and in return, a payment of a big sum of money can be made. Along with this the profit gained by the franchisee could be shared with that of the franchiser. This mode of gaining market entry has been used by the companies involved in marketing and services whereas the mode of licensing is used by the companies involved in marketing (Mintzberg and Quinn, 1992) Strategic alliances and joint ventures The concept of forming strategic alliances and the formation of combined ventures are clubbed together since the formation of strategic alliances is rather weaker than that of the joint ventures. Hence we can define a strategic alliance as the agreements that are formed between the participating firms so that the activities of value chain of the companies could be aggregated for the gaining of advantage in competitive terms. In majority of the cases the strategic alliances are formed between two concerns that are equal competitors in the same field. But a joint venture is nothing but a venture that is formed between a foreign firm with that of a national firm and in this alliance, the foreign firm would have sufficient equity stake in order to have a strong hold on the management functions but still not a complete hold so that it can have full domination of the venture at hand. Hence the equity share possessed by the international firm could be varied and this can range from 10 to 90 percent, but normally this would be from 25 to 70 percent (Johnson and Scholes, 1999). Wholly owned subsidiary This is nothing but a mode of entry where the company that initiated has a total and complete ownership of the stock possessed by the subsidiary. This type of wholly owned subsidiary could be set up by the process of acquisition or by the process of setting up a wholly new entity. The advantages of establishing a wholly owned subsidiary is many. In case if the company possesses a lot of competitive advantage in terms of its technical background, it can have a 100 percent hold on it and hence there is no control exerted by any external forces. A wholly owned subsidiary also helps in benefitting greatly from the process of strategic co-ordination at the global level. Another advantage of this system is that a company can enjoy the total benefits offered by the economies of location and also from that of the experience curve effects (Keegan and Green, 1997) The retailing giant Wal-Mart has been successful in the obtaining of a toehold in the sector of retail in India by means of adopting the mode of entry as a joint venture and has had a significant impact on the traditional system of retail existing already in India. Importance of market entry strategies There are many studies existing to show that the position of first entry into market provides the entrant with a lot of advantages in terms of stock prices, sustenance and other events as well. But there are chances of success for the other people who enter later as well because they can adopt specific strategies in the market that would help them for positioning themselves better. When some of the pioneering industries have attained the present status, eventually they become very much self-satisfied and would not be able to fulfill the dynamic and ever increasing demands that are posed by the market place. Hence the market entry strategies and the strategies adopted to gain a cutting edge in the market is greatly dependant on the market atmosphere and also on the range of players who exist in the market and their strategic positioning as well (Kanagal, 2006). Hence to maintain the leading position in the market, the pioneer industries should always be prepared to react to the change s occurring and also to expect the possible threats and the new entries. For instance, a leading player can react to the new entries by bringing about reductions in price and thereby decreasing the business value for the new entries. Other modes of reacting are by taking control over the major channels of distribution. Hence a comprehensive perception of the strategies of defense in the market along with a good timing sense complemented by a fool proof decision making plans will make the entry into markets and tackling the customers easier for the entrant (Evans, 2008). Overview of Emerging Economies: BRIC Nations According to World bank (2010) emerging economy is the term given economies or nations having middle to low per capita income. Around 20%of world economy and about 80% and about 80% of world population is represented by such emerging market economies (Burt et al, 2002). BRIC is a short form utilized to represent the speedily developing economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China. Goldman Sachs (2008) has identified BRIC nations is leading world economies by 2050. Data collected on BRIC nations shows that put together BRIC nations have a GDP of 15.435 trillion dollars, 25% of total land and about 40% of world population. RETAIL MARKET IN INDIA: A Scenario The Indian retail industry is still in the embryonic state. This segment has not been paid any attention post Indian Independence (1947). The extent and size and growing populace all are factors which offer an assurance for the retailing sector to develop in the future. The retail setting of India has conventionally centered on small, mom-pop shops which are located next to the residences of people. People have the facility to make payments on a monthly basis in such shops apart from interacting personally with the proprietors. Such shops are also endorsed by committees formed by people living in the localities. Services such as courier pick up and local promotions are facilities provided complementary by the stores. If people face a crisis they may request the proprietors to open the shops even when it is night time (Berman and Evans 2006). Indians usually prefer such stores. The segment pertaining to retailing is not structured and very few rules are followed by the stores. Such st ores comprise of nearly 92% of the total retail shops in the country. The residual 8% organized stores have emerged in the 2-3 years gone by thanks to ever-growing economy and opening up of the Indian economy.  A study undertaken by Market Graph (Research Firm based in New Delhi, India), in June 2008 concluded that the value of trade in India was around INR 12,000 Bn. As per the report it was stated this segment is the second largest provider of jobs for people of the country (Covey 2005) . The retail segment of India is imbalanced as the total market share of ordered retailers is only around 2% according to Bill and Bill (2004). The scenario was the same even in developed nations initially in the previous century; the materialization of huge retail stores including Wal Mart, Sears and McDonalds was the reason of quick development of the structured retail and increasing merging of the retail business in the advanced countries. It is the quick increasing incomes and changes occurring in the way people live which is transforming and encouraging the development of the structured retailing in the West (Kotler, 2004). The structured retail sector in India also shows promise as the purchasing power of Indians has increased while the rapidly growing middle class imitates the Western existence (Srivastava, 2007). Thanks to the tremendous growth of the Indian economy (2002-2008), individuals have more money to spend and they now expect to increase their standard of living. This was a reason for large renowned Indian businesses to venture in the retail business. During 2007-2008, around 33000 retail shops found their way in the country. Products offered by such shops included garments, provisions, fruits and vegetables, Electronics Auto. The next 4-5 years will see several new stores being introduced in the country. This phase of retail development is likely to recede by 2014; the market leaders will be those who are successful and have accurate skills related to operations in this sector. Retail stores who fail to follow suitable strategies related to marketing and consumer satisfaction will be forced to shut shop. The sales growth of US$ 392.63 billion in 2011 to US$ 674.37 billion has been forecasted in India Retail Report (BMI, 2011). Ever increasing upper class consumer base coupled with increase in construction of organized retail infrastructure have been identified as key factors behind its growth. McKinsey and Co (2010) has reported and expected increase from 5% to 14-18 % in organized retail market, which is expected to reach US$ 450 billion by 2015. Regulations and relaxations of the Indian market The business environment in India was characterized by an atmosphere that has been regulated to a high degree by a system of license that is pervasive and by tariff barriers that are high and this was the case till the year 1991. In the year 1991, there have been many sweeping reforms introduced by the Indian government and the other succeeding governments have also consistently operated so that the whole course of the economy of India has undergone a radical change (Bajpai and Sachs, 1999). The nation of India is one of the largest economies next only to China in the continent of Asia. There are a large number of investors from the foreign nations who are being attracted to India particular in the sector of retail. This trend has been happening ever since the market in India was subject to the processes of liberalization as well as privatization (Das, 2001). The nation is now being looked upon as a thriving market for the investment purposes in spite of the hassles in the bureaucracy and also shortcomings in the facilities and infrastructure in India. The nation also presents with a huge capacity for investment from abroad and the nation has realized this and hence in keeping with this trend, the nation is encouraging the entry of players from that of the foreign market. Also the nation also uses English language as the medium of communication for the business purposes, governmental policies and administrative issues and these factors offer a friendly environment for th e investors. Hence any company that aspires to be a leader in the global arena cannot afford to ignore India which is one among the emerging nations of the world (Bajpai, Jian and Sachs, 1997). In the present scenario India experiences the fresh spirit of economic freedom that is helping the nation to introduce changes that are far reaching and helping it to unleash the great capacity of the economy of India. An array of reforms have been introduced that helped in the additional deregulation and stimulation of foreign investment and these steps have pulled the nation to the forefront in the row of leading international players (Sreejith and Raj, 2007). Some of the obvious strengths possessed by India are the skills in information technology and soft wares and the huge capacity for e-commerce. There also exists a strengthened consensus from the political arena in the concept of economic liberalization at the level of central government and state governments (Das, 2001). These combined factors promises a continued and increasing strength in the policies pertaining to the investors in a friendly manner and have led to the formation of opportunities in ample amounts for the inv estors at the foreign and the domestic level. Overview of the Indian retail Industry The industry of retail in India is divided in to unorganized and organized sectors and the activities of trading that are being undertaken by the retailers who are licensed and are liable to pay taxes like the sales and income tax is called as organized retailing. The organized retailing is inclusive of the hypermarkets that are backed by the corporate and the chains of retail and the businesses in retail that are being owned privately. Retailing that is not organized is inclusive of the formats of retailing that is of low cost. This is inclusive of the kirana shops that is located in the local areas, general stores that are manned by the owners and the beedi or paan shops, stores of convenience and the carts pulled by hand, the vendors on the pavement etc. there are new trends coming up in the retail scenario of India and this sector has a rate of growth of over 45 percent which amounts to the three year growth rate and hence it is one of the sectors with rapid growth among all the other sectors (India Retail, 2008). There are new and innovative formats like the departmental stores that have come up and this is replacing the specialty stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets etc. Particularly in the metros, malls in the western style have started appearing and these malls are now spreading out to cities in the second rung and these promise the consumers in India a shopping experience that is unparalleled (Johnson Tellis 2007). There is a high degree of fragmentation in the retail sector of India because over 97 percent of the businesses being run in the country is by the retailers who are not organized. Hence organized retailing in India is still at its infancy even though there are lot of attempts that are being made to bring an increase in its relative proportion to over 10 percent by the end of the year 2010. This would also bring about tremendous opportunities for the aspiring young players. This sector also provides the largest resource for employment next onl y to the agricultural sector and also is penetrated deeply in to the rural parts of India. This sector is also involved in the generation of over 10 percent of the total GDP of India (Das, 2006). FDI in the Indian Retail According to Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP, 2010) India had an inflow of US$ 1,392 million in October 2010 through FDI. In total US$ 122.68 billion has been channeled in to India from April 200o to October 2010. Decision to implement consolidated FDI policy has provided India with a respected position as a key partner in trade on international scale. Policy allows foreign investor to their funds through automatic route, do not mandate any permission prior to investment from the government of India (IBEF, 2010). In a survey Earnest Youngs 2010 have ranked India as 4th most attractive destination to invest. Similar results have been published in various repots like UK Trade and Investments, Japan Bank for International Cooperation and United Nation Conference on Trade and Development (UNCAD), which have ranked India as second most lucrative destination following China in next three years (IBEF , 2010). As mentioned earlier the retail sector in India has been kept closed for the foreigners so that the means of livelihood of over 15million kirana store owners and the small shop owners would be safe guarded. It has now allowed only 51 percent of direct investment when it comes to retailing with single brands with the proper permission obtained from the Indian government. In the sector of whole sale trading also there is foreign direct investment allowed. The retailers with single brands like Fendi, Nike, Louis Vuitton and Toyota can have their own operations in India. There is another company called Metro which now has its operations by means of trading on a whole sale basis. There are also options being invited by the policy makers in such a way that the interests of the retail community at the local level are also not affected (Bajpai and Sachs, 2000). The Indian government is also considering the opening of the retailing for sports goods, stationery items, electronic goods, equipme nt for building etc. But the tough part for the government is that it has to maintain the delicate balance and a equal space for all the players. Hence due to the FDI policy that permits over 51 percent of one brand has made options for entering of Nike which sells foot wears, Lladro that is involved with porcelain items, Louis Vuitton that sells watches, textiles, shoes, accessories for travel, etc, Damro that sells furnitures, Fendi that sells luxury goods, Argenterie Greggio that is involved in the selling of cutlery, gifts and silverwares and the retail trader of Cars- Toyota. The successful entry of these players is also attracting others into the Indian market like a luxury industry in France that plans to cover the domestic luxury segment (Guruswamy, 2005). Major players in the Indian retail industry There has been tremendous growth in the retail sector of India with players like Ambanis, ITC, Bharti airtel, Rahejas and a lot of other investors, who are involved in the making of significant contributions in the sector which would lead to the emergence of retailers at the international level. These retailers have the power to make proper bargains with the suppliers and can reap the benefits of the economies of scale. Hence the process of discounting has become a widely accepted practice (SIA, 2003). In the international arena, India is looked upon as the last option left because the sector of retail in the nation of China has almost become saturated. At the same time the restrictions imposed by the government of India on FDI are also giving hard times to the international giants like the walmart and Tesco and a lot of other aspirers. The present scenario is that, only 51 percent of foreign direct investment has been allowed by the government towards shops with single brands like t he Reebok, Nike etc. but the international retailers are also taking other available routes for gaining access to the Indian market in an indirect manner by means of entering in to licensing agreements that are strategic and franchisee agreements. There is also whole sale trading on cash and carry basis being opted by the international players because there is permission to 100 % foreign direct investments when it comes to trading on a whole sale basis ( Narayanaswamy and Zainulbhai, 2007) Pantaloon Retail Pantaloon retail has its head quarters in the city of Mumbai and this retailer possesses a retail space of over four million sq. feet. It also has about 140 stores that are spread over 32 indian cities. The retailer is also involved in the provision of employment to over 15,000 indians and reaped a turn over of about 20 billion rupees for the financial year of 2005-2006. Lifestyle International The major activity carried out by the Life style is the running of outlets for retail as well as departmental stores. The main focus of Lifestyle is the operation of department stores in the high end format. The company possesses two names for its brand- SOGO as well as Jiuguang through which all the operations of the retail business are carried out. RPG enterprises One of the leading and largest conglomerated of business in India are the RPG enterprises and the company has a turn over of about 1.6 billion US dollars. The assets of the company itself amount to about 2 billion US dollars. This enterprise was the most rapidly growing group at the national level right from its inception in the year 1979 and possesses a chain of over 20 companies. It also has its operations in over 7 sectors of business like retailing, information technology, transmission, life sciences, power, tyres and entertainment. Trent (Tata) This group has a relatively recent origin and with its establishment in the year 1998 and has been successfully operating chains of retail stores in the nation in a fast manner. The company took its initial step in 1998 by opening Westside a retail chain for life style after which there was the opening of star India Bazaar in the year 2004. Star India Bazaar is a hypermarket that offers a large range of products at the cheapest prices. The growth of Trent continued with the acquisition of Landmark which is the largest retailer of Music and books. Shoppers stop It was in the year 1991 that this major retailer began its journey by the corporate group of companies owned by K. Raheja. This has now developed to the extent that it has become the sole brand for fashion and Lifestyle for entire family. Viveks limited This retailer is the leading player in the section of household appliances as well as consumer electronics in India. Viveks has over 15 showrooms at world class standards in over 3 major cities like Salem, Banglore and Chennai. The retail occupies a retail place of about 1,00,000 square feet. The annual turn over generated by Viveks is around 1 billion rupee.